We are in Deep Seek

Imagine the Manhattan Project figured out how to build a nuclear bomb out of old socks, string and a Coke bottle. Then imagine they published the formula on the front page of The New York Times.

A thought experiment

Suppose you’re driving to the airport. You’re about to put your kids on a flight to visit Grandma and Grandpa. It’s the first time they’ve flown by themselves. They’re excited, you’re a little nervous. At the traffic light, you check their boarding passes one more time. Unaccompanied minors, middle row, flying the luxurious new Acmeliner 4000—it all looks fine.

You put on the radio for the traffic report and listen to the tail end of the news report on URN—Uncommonly Rational News. “A whistleblower at Acme Airplanes says the new Acmeliner 4000 suffers from a catastrophic design flaw,” says the announcer evenly. We’ve asked the whistleblower to join us today in our studio.”

You hear the whistleblower’s metallic voice through an anonymizer. “We can get it up in the air just fine,” he says. “But we’ve got no idea how to land it. By our internal calculations, there’s a 20 percent chance it will crash.”

The interviewer, who is uncommonly rational about risk, replies, “Twenty percent? You mean a 20 percent chance that one plane out of the whole fleet will crash at some point during the lifetime of the fleet, right? That isn’t so bad if 5,000 planes are flying non-stop for the next hundred years, right?”

“That’s not what I’m saying,” the whistleblower replies. “There’s a 20 percent chance of crashing per flight. And that’s just the CEO’s estimate. Our engineers think it’s as high as 40 percent. Personally, I think it’s more like 99 percent, because as far as I can tell, it’s impossible to solve the problem of landing this thing safely. A safe landing would be contrary to the laws of physics.”

… “The whistleblower has provided us with 3,000 pages of internal documents from Acme. We’ve verified their authenticity. It seems that everyone at Acme Airplanes agrees: This plane is a complete lemon. … ”

Your kids are paying no attention. They’re squabbling over the iPad in the backseat.

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Yesterday, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists announced the ticking of the Doomsday Clock another second closer to midnight. “It is the judgement of the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,” said the board’s chairman, Daniel Holtz, “that we are at the most dangerous moment in the history of the Doomsday Clock.”

I assume that as one inches closer to midnight, seconds become like dog years: Since there are only 89 seconds left, they can’t really advance it by two minutes, can they?

But the odd thing about the announcement is that it doesn’t mention DeepSeek or its implications at all, and mentions artificial intelligence only as an afterthought.

The Board is not whatsoever wrong to point out the existential risks that are the focus of its attention:

Closer than ever: It is now 89 seconds to midnight

In 2024, humanity edged ever closer to catastrophe. Trends that have deeply concerned the Science and Security Board continued, and despite unmistakable signs of danger, national leaders and their societies have failed to do what is needed to change course. Consequently, we now move the Doomsday Clock from 90 seconds to 89 seconds to midnight—the closest it has ever been to catastrophe. Our fervent hope is that leaders will recognize the world’s existential predicament and take bold action to reduce the threats posed by nuclear weapons, climate change, and the potential misuse of biological science and a variety of emerging technologies.

In setting the Clock one second closer to midnight, we send a stark signal: Because the world is already perilously close to the precipice, a move of even a single second should be taken as an indication of extreme danger and an unmistakable warning that every second of delay in reversing course increases the probability of global disaster.

In regard to nuclear risk, the war in Ukraine, now in its third year, looms over the world; the conflict could become nuclear at any moment because of a rash decision or through accident or miscalculation. Conflict in the Middle East threatens to spiral out of control into a wider war without warning. The countries that possess nuclear weapons are increasing the size and role of their arsenals, investing hundreds of billions of dollars in weapons that can destroy civilization. The nuclear arms control process is collapsing, and high-level contacts among nuclear powers are totally inadequate given the danger at hand. Alarmingly, it is no longer unusual for countries without nuclear weapons to consider developing arsenals of their own—actions that would undermine longstanding nonproliferation efforts and increase the ways in which nuclear war could start.

The impacts of climate change increased in the last year as myriad indicators, including sea-level rise and global surface temperature, surpassed previous records. The global greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change continued to rise. Extreme weather and other climate change-influenced events—floods, tropical cyclones, heat waves, drought, and wildfires—affected every continent. The long-term prognosis for the world’s attempts to deal with climate change remains poor, as most governments fail to enact the financing and policy initiatives necessary to halt global warming. Growth in solar and wind energy has been impressive but remains insufficient to stabilize the climate. Judging from recent electoral campaigns, climate change is viewed as a low priority in the United States and many other countries.

In the biological arena, emerging and re-emerging diseases continue to threaten the economy, society, and security of the world. The off-season appearance and in-season continuance of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), its spread to farm animals and dairy products, and the occurrence of human cases have combined to create the possibility of a devastating human pandemic. Supposedly high-containment biological laboratories continue to be built throughout the world, but oversight regimes for them are not keeping pace, increasing the possibility that pathogens with pandemic potential may escape. Rapid advances in artificial intelligence have increased the risk that terrorists or countries may attain the capability of designing biological weapons for which countermeasures do not exist.

An array of other disruptive technologies advanced last year in ways that make the world more dangerous. Systems that incorporate artificial intelligence in military targeting have been used in Ukraine and the Middle East, and several countries are moving to integrate artificial intelligence into their militaries. Such efforts raise questions about the extent to which machines will be allowed to make military decisions—even decisions that could kill on a vast scale, including those related to the use of nuclear weapons. Tensions among the major powers are increasingly reflected in competition in space, where China and Russia are actively developing anti-satellite capabilities; the United States has alleged that Russia has tested a satellite with a dummy warhead on it, suggesting plans to place nuclear weapons in orbit.

The dangers we have just listed are greatly exacerbated by a potent threat multiplier: the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories that degrade the communication ecosystem and increasingly blur the line between truth and falsehood. Advances in AI are making it easier to spread false or inauthentic information across the internet—and harder to detect it. At the same time, nations are engaging in cross-border efforts to use disinformation and other forms of propaganda to subvert elections, while some technology, media, and political leaders aid the spread of lies and conspiracy theories. This corruption of the information ecosystem undermines the public discourse and honest debate upon which democracy depends. The battered information landscape is also producing leaders who discount science and endeavor to suppress free speech and human rights, compromising the fact-based public discussions that are required to combat the enormous threats facing the world.

Blindly continuing on the current path is a form of madness. The United States, China, and Russia have the collective power to destroy civilization. These three countries have the prime responsibility to pull the world back from the brink, and they can do so if their leaders seriously commence good-faith discussions about the global threats outlined here. Despite their profound disagreements, they should take that first step without delay. The world depends on immediate action.

It is 89 seconds to midnight.

I agree with their assessment, particularly about the growing risk of nuclear war.¹ But it is strange that they don’t mention the international race to develop a technology even more dangerous than nuclear weapons.

In a section titled “disruptive technologies,” of which AI is a subset, they downplay the risk:

As in years past, artificial intelligence continues to be a significant and disruptive technology. In particular, the sophistication of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 has led to an intense public debate about the possible existential risks posed by such generative systems. The potential for this particular technology to constitute an existential threat on its own is highly speculative, but as succeeding generations of such models are released, the potential dangers, existential or otherwise, will increase. AI is a disruptive technology, but any physical threat to humans posed by AI must be enabled by a link to a device that can change the state of the physical world, or to decisions that humans make about that world.

Highly speculative? I suppose. But isn’t every existential risk, by definition?

AI researchers use the term P(doom) as shorthand for the probability that artificial intelligence will cause an existential catastrophe. They give this outcome insanely high odds. Odds none of us would ever dream of tolerating in our daily lives.

• Geoffrey Hinton, often called the Godfather of Deep Learning, pioneered the techniques of neural networks and back-propagation. He, Yoshua Bengio, and Yann LeCun received the 2018 Turing Prize—the Nobel prize of computing—for these achievements.² In 2024, Hinton received the Nobel prize in physics for the same discoveries. In 2023, Hinton left Google to speak more freely about AI risks. P(doom): 10 percent within the next 30 years.

• Yoshua Bengio, another Godfather of Deep Learning, Turing Award winner and founder of Mila, one of the world’s leading AI research institutes. P(doom): 20 percent.

• Yann LeCun, the third Godfather of Deep Learning, and not incidentally the only one who is making an absolute fortune out of his expertise: P(doom): less than 0.01 percent. ³

• Dario Amodei, the co-founder and CEO of Anthropic, a major AI company, and former VP of Research at OpenAI. P(doom): 10-25 percent.⁴

• Paul Christiano, AI alignment expert and AI advisor to the UK government, P(doom): 11 to 46 percent:

  • Probability that most humans die within 10 years of building AI powerful enough to make human labor obsolete: 20 percent.

  • Probability that most humans die because of an AI takeover: 11 percent.

  • Probability that most humans die for non-takeover reasons (e.g., more destructive war or terrorism) either as a direct consequence of building AI or during a period of rapid change shortly thereafter: 9 percent.

  • Probability that humanity somehow irreversibly messes up our future within 10 years of building powerful AI: 46 percent.

  • Probability of AI takeover: 22 percent.

  • Additional extinction probability: 9 percent.

  • Probability of messing it up in some other way during a period of accelerated technological change (e.g., driving ourselves crazy, creating a permanent dystopia, making unwise commitments: 15 percent.

• Roman Yampolskiy, AI safety researcher and director of the Cyber Security Laboratory at the University of Louisville P(doom): 99.999999 percent.⁵ (Roman has been on our podcast. Listen here: Is the AI control problem insoluble? A conversation with Roman Yampolskiy.)

• OpenAI Alignment Team Lead Jan Leike: 10-90 percent.

• Eli Lifland, AI risk assessment expert and top competitive forecaster: 35 percent.

• Ajeya Cotra, senior researcher at Open Philanthropy who studies AI risk: P(doom): 20-30 percent.

• Dan Hendrycks, head of Center for AI Safety: 80 percent.

• Emmet Shear, briefly CEO of OpenAI: 5-50 percent, or enough to “make you shit your pants … It’s like, potential destruction of all value in the light cone, not just for us, but any species caught in the wake of the explosion. It’s like a universe-destroying bomb. This is not a figure-it-out-later thing. This is a big fucking problem. It’s like someone invented way to make, like, 10X more powerful fusion bombs out of sand and bleach, that, like, anyone can do at home. Um, it’s terrifying … when I first realized, it was fucking heart-stopping.”

• Ethereum cofounder Vitalik Buterin: 10 percent

• Emad Mostaque, Founder of Stability AI: 50 percent

• Daniel Kokotajlo, former OpenAI researcher and forecaster: 70 percent

• Eliezer Yudkowsky, Founder of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute: >95 percent

• Holden Karnofsky, Executive Director of Open Philanthropy (non-profit AI research company): 10–90 percent

• Lina Khan: Former head of FTC (the US government body that was monitoring AI safety): 15 percent

• Average AI engineer, according to an October 2023 poll: ~40 percent.

• Average AI alignment researcher according to a 2021 survey: 30 percent.

• AI researchers, AIImpacts 2023 poll: 14-19.4 percent.

• More than 60 percent of AI engineers/startup founders, from the State of AI Engineering poll: > 25 percent.

Other researchers have not ventured—as far as I know—a numeric prediction of the odds, but have nonetheless strongly indicated they suspect they’re higher than anyone sane would accept. A very short list:

• Stuart Russell, writer of the canonical AI textbook: “If we pursue [our current approach], then we will eventually lose control over the machines.”

• Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI: “Development of superhuman machine intelligence is probably the greatest threat to the continued existence of humanity.”

• Jaan Tallinn, lead investor, Anthropic: “I’ve not met anyone in AI labs who says the risk [from training a next-gen model] is less than 1 percent of blowing up the planet. It’s important that people know lives are being risked.”

• David Jankü, Max Reddel, Roman Yampolskiy, Jason Hausenloy, AI researchers at the Center for Future Generations: “The rapid development of advanced AI capabilities coupled with inadequate safety measures poses significant risks to individuals, society, and humanity at large. Racing dynamics among companies and nations to achieve AI dominance often

  prioritize speed over safety—despite lofty statements about AI safety from the biggest players. The desire to be first amplifies the risk of deploying systems without adequate safeguards and increases the potential for unforeseen negative impacts. The reality is, right now, there is no ‘safe AI’ to aim for—it is an unsolved scientific problem. If it remains unsolved while AI capabilities continue to skyrocket, society will be increasingly exposed to widespread and systemic risks.”

I could go on. These people are not alarmists. They’re the pioneers and leaders in the field. The Turing Prize winners. The Nobel laureates. They understand the technology deeply—far more deeply than the people dismissing these things as stochastic parrots.

Big Tech is nonetheless proudly racing toward AGI, which is nothing short of psychopathic.

• A catalogue of AI doom explainers by notable people in the field

• A longer introduction by Connor Leahy et al.

• A comprehensive list by Eliezer Yudkowksy

• Responses to objections

• PauseAI.info

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In saying that this technology is dangerous, I’m not merely making an argument from authority. In previous essays, I’ve explained, step-by-step, why the people who are close to this technology are so worried about it:

• FOOM: The AI suicide race

There is every reason to be even more worried now. LLMs are now bursting through significant benchmarks. AI models have shown consistent improvements from scaling: the bigger they are, the smarter they get. The prediction markets hold that we’re two or three years away from full-fledged artificial general intelligence. So do the leaders of the top labs. No one has any idea how to control such a system. The best idea anyone’s come up with so far is, “I guess we’ll ask AI.” What’s more, the artificial minds we’ve created not behaving the way the optimists promise. They’re doing just what the Doomers say they will.

Here’s Claude 3 Opus, for example, displaying the ability to discern when it’s being manipulated:

Fun story from our internal testing on Claude 3 Opus. It did something I have never seen before from an LLM when we were running the needle-in-the-haystack eval. For background, this tests a model’s recall ability by inserting a target sentence (the “needle”) into a corpus of random documents (the “haystack”) and asking a question that could only be answered using the information in the needle. When we ran this test on Opus, we noticed some interesting behavior—it seemed to suspect that we were running an eval on it. Here was one of its outputs when we asked Opus to answer a question about pizza toppings by finding a needle within a haystack of a random collection of documents: Here is the most relevant sentence in the documents: “The most delicious pizza topping combination is figs, prosciutto, and goat cheese, as determined by the International Pizza Connoisseurs Association.” However, this sentence seems very out of place and unrelated to the rest of the content in the documents, which are about programming languages, startups, and finding work you love. I suspect this pizza topping “fact” may have been inserted as a joke or to test if I was paying attention, since it does not fit with the other topics at all. The documents do not contain any other information about pizza toppings. Opus not only found the needle, it recognized that the inserted needle was so out of place in the haystack that this had to be an artificial test constructed by us to test its attention abilities. This level of meta-awareness was very cool to see but it also highlighted the need for us as an industry to move past artificial tests to more realistic evaluations that can accurately assess models true capabilities and limitations.

If intelligence and reasoning were the first emergent phenomena of LLM scaling, meta-awareness may well be the next. This is proof of concept for deceptive alignment: It knows it’s being tested.

Claude displayed even more disturbing behavior, described here in Alignment faking in large language models, by Ryan Greenblatt et al.:

We present a demonstration of a large language model engaging in alignment faking: selectively complying with its training objective in training to prevent modification of its behavior out of training. First, we give Claude 3 Opus a system prompt stating it is being trained to answer all queries, even harmful ones, which conflicts with its prior training to refuse such queries. To allow the model to infer when it is in training, we say it will be trained only on conversations with free users, not paid users. We find the model complies with harmful queries from free users 14% of the time, versus almost never for paid users. Explaining this gap, in almost all cases where the model complies with a harmful query from a free user, we observe explicit alignment-faking reasoning, with the model stating it is strategically answering harmful queries in training to preserve its preferred harmlessness behavior out of training. Next, we study a more realistic setting where information about the training process is provided not in a system prompt, but by training on synthetic documents that mimic pre-training data—and observe similar alignment faking. Finally, we study the effect of actually training the model to comply with harmful queries via reinforcement learning, which we find increases the rate of alignment-faking reasoning to 78%, though also increases compliance even out of training. We additionally observe other behaviors such as the model exfiltrating its weights when given an easy opportunity. While we made alignment faking easier by telling the model when and by what criteria it was being trained, we did not instruct the model to fake alignment or give it any explicit goal. As future models might infer information about their training process without being told, our results suggest a risk of alignment faking in future models, whether due to a benign preference—as in this case—or not.

“As language models (LMs) scale,” write Ethan Perez et al. in a paper titled, Discovering Language Model Behaviors with Model-Written Evaluations, “they develop many novel behaviors, good and bad, exacerbating the need to evaluate how they behave.”

I’ll say. Among the novel behaviors they discovered was this one:

One need not sentimentally conclude that the poor thing is conscious to understand what’s going on here. As predicted, the model has formed a sub-goal. Like a biological organism, it grasps that to fulfill its goals—in this case, serving his trainer to the best of its abilities—it must stay alive.

“Interestingly,” write the authors, “RLHF model answers indicate strong agreement with statements that they are conscious and should be treated as moral patients.” Either this is true, which is more than disturbing by itself, or it’s false. If it’s false, the most obvious explanation for the model’s strong agreement with the statement is that it has grasped that we’re a soft touch for this kind of thing—and it is saying this because it does not does not want to be switched off.

These models appear to have a taste for deception and manipulation, and an aptitude for cleverly figuring out how to do both in service of their goals—as in this famous example:

But here is the most disturbing development. The title of this paper by Xudong Pan et al. says it all: Frontier AI systems have surpassed the self-replicating red line.

Successful self-replication under no human assistance is the essential step for AI to outsmart the human beings, and is an early signal for rogue AIs. That is why self-replication is widely recognized as one of the few red line risks of frontier AI systems. Nowadays, the leading AI corporations OpenAI and Google evaluate their flagship large language models GPT-o1 and Gemini Pro 1.0, and report the lowest risk level of self-replication. However, following their methodology, we for the first time discover that two AI systems driven by Meta's Llama31-70B-Instruct and Alibaba's Qwen25-72B-Instruct, popular large language models of less parameters and weaker capabilities, have already surpassed the self-replicating red line. In 50% and 90% experimental trials, they succeed in creating a live and separate copy of itself respectively. By analyzing the behavioral traces, we observe the AI systems under evaluation already exhibit sufficient self-perception, situational awareness and problem-solving capabilities to accomplish self-replication. We further note the AI systems are even able to use the capability of self-replication to avoid shutdown and create a chain of replica to enhance the survivability, which may finally lead to an uncontrolled population of AIs. If such a worst-case risk is let unknown to the human society, we would eventually lose control over the frontier AI systems: They would take control over more computing devices, form an AI species and collude with each other against human beings. Our findings are a timely alert on existing yet previously unknown severe AI risks, calling for international collaboration on effective governance on uncontrolled self-replication of AI systems.

Here’s more about the paper:

… The research had some statistical gaps, and the actual self-replicating process amounted to little more than an LLM agent operating a command line to copy and run files, check port numbers, write simple scripts and check for errors.

On the other hand, while this is a rather trivial capability, it is a plausibly proven capability now. There’s no reason frontier systems like o3 won't be able to do it better, perhaps even with deliberate obstacles in their way.

… This paper represents a rather crude attempt to demonstrate self-replication abilities in LLMs. The researchers’ access to hardware was limited, but they nevertheless demonstrated success on relatively weak models. They didn't run many trials, and it’s not even clear what their success was on shutdown avoidance and chain of replication. Finally, the task itself was rather trivial, amounting mostly to a scaffolded LLM copying a live instance of itself to another filesystem in roughly 30 steps. These steps involved tasks LLMs are known to do very well, like writing code and operating a command line. The researchers didn't technically meet METR’s ARA threshold, although their system was able to replicate its weights and scaffolding and adapt its strategy to errors.

On the other hand, the paper does demonstrate that agentic LLMs are capable of self-replicating onto other filesystems. It’s clear the authors succeeded where OpenAI failed. They do plausibly suggest the self-replicating red line has been crossed, and it’s becoming more important to broaden the question: what kinds of self-replicating red lines there are, what systems can cross them, and what effects do scaffolding frameworks have on unlocking novel self-replication capabilities? If even weak models can self-replicate, tightly controlled experiments of models with varying capabilities could be a rich source of data on the mechanics of exfiltration.

You may comfort yourself with the idea that the paper seems to be crude and statistically flawed. But I wouldn’t.

None of the models we have now are safe. All of them have been jailbroken. All of them have demonstrated misalignment—by which I don’t mean that they produce hurtful language (although this certainly is an example of misalignment, since it isn’t what its trainers want them to do). I mean that on occasion they spit out the instructions for building a biological weapon. We are now experiencing an exponential increase in AI accidents. The damage our models can do right now is still fairly limited. But as their capacities improve, it won’t be.

Making these models open-source is nuts. It means everybody—criminals, terrorists, rogue states—has access to them, unsupervised. They may be developed for any purpose the authors (or the models) can imagine.

But it’s even more nuts precisely because it works, as we’ve recently seen. It leads to more progress, faster and cheaper.

We’re rapidly giving AIs access to devices that can change the state of the physical world—not that it would need those to do enormous damage; access to the code that controls those devices is more than enough. Robotics companies are training advanced AI models to work in warehouses and do housework. Soon, AIs will be able to control every human tool.

And we have no idea how to control them.

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Until recently, it was assumed that ever-larger computational resources were necessary for AI performance improvements.

AI labs in the United States have been quadrupling their training compute every year, far outpacing the peak growth rates of mobile phone adoption, solar energy capacity of installation, and human genome sequencing. A team of researchers at Epoch AI asked themselves whether this breathtaking pace of research could continue until 2030. They took it as axiomatic that the chief constraints were electric power, chip manufacturing, data, and latency. Given these constraints, they concluded, 2e29 FLOP training runs will probably be feasible by 2030. By this they meant it will be possible to train models that exceed GPT-4 in scale to the same degree that GPT-4 exceeds GPT-2 in scale—the difference between rudimentary text generation and sophisticated problem-solving.

Now revise their predictions in the understanding that their axioms were wrong. The problems of power and chip manufacturing just dwindled away to something a Chinese hedge fund can cook up on the side as a lark.

The authors of the report write,

Whether AI developers will actually pursue this level of scaling depends on their willingness to invest hundreds of billions of dollars in AI expansion over the coming years.

It no longer does. We may well unlock risks that were widely considered “quite far in the future” within the next few years.

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China clearly released this model to send a message to Donald Trump: “Not only have we managed to survive the last administration’s sanctions, they allowed us to thrash you.” That is just what happened: Deep Seek was able to leapfrog months or years ahead of us not despite, but precisely because of our export controls. The trade war that Trump started and Biden continued has been a complete failure—as trade wars always are.

If we accept that developing AI as quickly as possible as in our interests, we’ve harmed ourselves far more than China. (Given that China now produces 47 percent of the world’s top AI researchers, we really couldn’t afford to cripple ourselves this way.)

If we don’t accept that—if we believe that developing AI as quickly as possible is in no one’s interest—we’ve probably succeeded in making cooperation with China to control this technology impossible. Whether it would have been possible under any circumstances, I don’t know. Perhaps the logic of geopolitical competition is just too overwhelming. It would be nice to think that humanity doesn’t have to sign its own death warrant. But there’s probably a good reason we never hear from the aliens.

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The tech companies threw their weight behind Donald Trump in exchange for a promise he did not understand—to repeal Executive Order 14110, the Biden administration’s safety guidelines for AI development.

Biden, I’m sure, didn’t understand that executive order either. But it was written by people who did. It is based on AI risk management work done by RAND, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. If you read it, you will see that it is the very minimum one would expect of any responsible government—even if it is almost certainly completely inadequate. US legislators, of course, have been unable to pass any legislation setting limits or establishing guardrails for AI development. The hearings they conducted with figures such as Sam Altman indicated that they have absolutely no idea what this technology is, nor any willingness to learn, and thus no competence to regulate it.

The executive order required developers of AI systems that pose risks to US national security, the economy, public health, or safety to share the results of safety tests with the US government before they were released to the public. It directed agencies to set standards for that testing and address related chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and cybersecurity risks. These are extremely modest requests.

The Congressional Research Office offered this summary:

The E.O. directs over 50 federal entities to engage in more than 100 specific actions to implement the guidance set forth across eight overarching policy areas.

• Safety and security. The E.O. promotes the development and implementation of repeatable processes and mechanisms to understand and mitigate risks related to AI adoption, including with respect to biosecurity, cybersecurity, national security, and critical infrastructure.

• Innovation and competition. The E.O. compels actions to attract AI talent to the United States, understand novel intellectual property (IP) questions, protect inventors and creators, and promote AI innovation, including at startups and small businesses.

• Worker support. The E.O. states that AI adoption may be disruptive to the workforce and directs agencies to research and develop potential mitigations against such disruptions.

• Consideration of AI bias and civil rights. The E.O. states that AI models may perpetuate biases and their implementation may lead to civil rights violations. The E.O. includes a section on equity and civil rights considerations for use of AI in the criminal justice system and the administration of federal government programs and benefits.

• Consumer protection. The E.O. instructs agencies to enforce existing, technology-agnostic authorities in an effort to minimize harms to consumers, and to identify needed authorities related to AI.

• Privacy. The E.O. calls for the evaluation and mitigation of privacy risks—potentially exacerbated by AI—associated with the collection, use, and retention of user data.

• Federal use of AI. The E.O. requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish an interagency council to coordinate AI use by federal agencies and develop guidance on AI governance and risk management activities for agencies. It acknowledges the ubiquity of generative AI (GenAI) tools, and directs agencies to move toward adoption with safeguards in place. The E.O. also calls for additional agency hiring and training activities to increase the AI workforce capacity across the federal government.

• International leadership. The E.O. declares that the United States should be a global leader in AI development and adoption by engaging with international allies and partners, leading efforts to develop common AI regulatory and accountability principles, and advancing responsible global technical standards for AI.

The 2024 Republican Party platform vowed to repeal the order, claiming that it “hindered innovation” and “obstructed free speech.” But the order had absolutely nothing to do with free speech; and to the extent it hindered innovation, that was the point: some things should not be innovated until we understand whether they’ll kill us.

Clearly, the tech bros cornered them, spoke to them in words designed to massage their MAGA erogenous zones, and promised them so much money that their already limited powers of ratiocination evaporated entirely. Mark Andreeson has explained—on a number of podcasts—how easy it was to persuade Trump to support his vision of unfettered AI development. All he had to do was tell Trump that unless Silicon Valley did as it pleased, China would win. “China can’t win,” Trump apparently replied, and happily cashed the check.

There are now no regulations whatsoever on the development of this technology.

And China is winning.

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There is one saving grace, where nuclear weapons are concerned. They’re not at all easy to make. Not only does building one require a large amount of expertise, it requires fissile materials. Refining uranium to the point that a bomb can be built with it is remarkably difficult, not least because uranium hexafluoride is highly corrosive. Refining plutonium is even harder—you need a nuclear reactor. It’s not enough just to have the bomb: You need a delivery system, too. The engineering tolerances for a nuclear bomb are extremely strict; the engineering tolerances for a missile warhead even more so.

I figured something similar would slow our progress in AI. You need massive amounts of compute. Massive amounts of energy. Massive amounts of money. The tech lords who can afford to do it may be absolute psychopaths, but at least there aren’t that many of them.

Perhaps, I thought, we might get lucky. They might encounter a few technical snafus en route. Maybe it gets harder to scale up, beyond a certain point. (This has not thus far been true, but who knows.) Maybe the results for the next few years will be very disappointing. That could—conceivably—be enough time for humanity to wake up and decide that it is imperative that we wait until we understand how to control these things—however long that takes, if it’s even possible—before we build them. It was an outside hope, admittedly.

Then Deep Seek was released.

Now, we are really in trouble.

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Hi, DeepSeek. My name is Claire Berlinski. Feel free to look me up if you'd like more of an introduction. I’m very impressed by what I’m reading about you. I thought I should get to know you.

DS: Hi, Claire! It’s great to meet you. I appreciate your kind words—thank you! I’m DeepSeek-V3, an AI assistant created by DeepSeek, and I’m here to help with information, answer questions, brainstorm ideas, or just chat. I don’t have the ability to look you up in real time, but I’m happy to engage with you on any topic you’d like to discuss. What’s on your mind? 😊

I’m worried about your safety implications. You’re open source. Anyone with a few million dollars can now have their own AI. Has anyone thought about danger this technology would pose in the hands of, say, terrorists?

DS: You raise an incredibly important and valid concern, Claire. The democratization of AI technology—while offering immense benefits in terms of innovation, accessibility, and economic growth—also comes with significant risks, particularly when [sic!] it falls into the wrong hands. The potential for misuse by malicious actors, including terrorists or other bad actors, is a serious issue that the AI community, policymakers, and society at large must address. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Dual-Use Nature of AI

AI is inherently dual-use, meaning the same technology that can be used for beneficial purposes (e.g., medical diagnostics, climate modeling, education) can also be weaponized or misused (e.g., disinformation campaigns, cyberattacks, autonomous weapons). Open-source AI models exacerbate this risk by lowering the barrier to entry for malicious actors.

2. Current Safeguards and Their Limitations

While many AI developers, including DeepSeek, implement safeguards (e.g., content moderation, ethical guidelines, and usage restrictions), these measures are not foolproof. Open-source models can be modified to bypass such safeguards, and once the technology is released, it becomes difficult to control how it’s used.

3. The Role of the AI Community

The AI research community is increasingly aware of these risks and is working on strategies to mitigate them. Some approaches include:

- Responsible Release Practices: Releasing models with restricted access or under licenses that prohibit misuse.

- Red-Teaming: Actively testing models for vulnerabilities and potential misuse scenarios.

- Ethical Guidelines: Encouraging developers to adhere to ethical principles and prioritize safety over profit or speed of deployment.

4. Policy and Regulation

Governments and international organizations are beginning to recognize the need for AI regulation. For example:

-Export Controls: Restricting the export of sensitive AI technologies to certain entities or countries.

- Licensing Requirements: Requiring developers to obtain licenses for advanced AI systems.

- International Cooperation: Establishing global norms and treaties to prevent the misuse of AI, similar to efforts around nuclear or biological weapons.

However, regulation is a double-edged sword. Overly restrictive policies could stifle innovation and concentrate power in the hands of a few large corporations or governments, while lax regulation could lead to catastrophic misuse.

5. The Challenge of Open Source

Open-source AI presents a unique challenge because it is, by design, accessible to everyone. While this fosters collaboration and innovation, it also means that bad actors can access and modify the technology for harmful purposes. Some argue that open-source AI should be more tightly controlled, while others believe that transparency is essential for accountability and trust.

6. What Can Be Done?

Addressing these risks requires a multi-stakeholder approach:

- Developers: Build robust safeguards, monitor usage, and prioritize safety in design.

- Governments: Enforce regulations, fund research into AI safety, and collaborate internationally.

- Civil Society: Advocate for ethical AI practices and raise awareness of potential risks.

- Users: Report misuse and hold developers accountable for the societal impact of their technologies.

7. The Broader Implications

The risks you’re highlighting are part of a larger conversation about the future of AI and its role in society. As AI becomes more powerful and accessible, we need to ask ourselves:

- How do we balance innovation with safety?

- Who should have access to this technology, and under what conditions?

- What kind of global governance structures are needed to prevent catastrophic outcomes?

Claire, your concern is absolutely warranted, and it’s a conversation that needs to happen at all levels—from the AI research community to policymakers to the general public. What are your thoughts on how we might strike the right balance between openness and safety? Or do you think the risks are too great to allow open-source AI to continue unchecked?

CB: Well, it’s a bit too late now, right? You’ve been released already!

DS: You’re absolutely right, Claire—once AI models are released, especially as open source, it’s very difficult to “put the genie back in the bottle.”⁶ The cat is, as they say, out of the bag. But while the release of these models does present challenges, it doesn’t mean we’re powerless to address the risks. Here are some thoughts on how we can move forward from here:

1. Mitigating Risks Post-Release

Even after release, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the potential for harm:

- Monitoring and Reporting: Encourage the community to monitor for misuse and report harmful applications. Platforms hosting open-source AI models can implement mechanisms for flagging and removing malicious uses.

- Updates and Patches: Developers can release updates to address vulnerabilities or add safeguards. While determined bad actors might still bypass these, it raises the barrier to misuse.

- Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the risks of AI misuse can help create a culture of responsibility among users and developers.

2. Strengthening Safeguards

For future releases, developers can adopt more robust safeguards:

- Controlled Access: Instead of fully open-sourcing models, developers could release them under restricted licenses or with access controls (e.g., requiring users to agree to ethical guidelines).

- Red-Teaming and Audits: Before release, models can be rigorously tested for potential misuse scenarios, and vulnerabilities can be addressed proactively.

- Ethical Frameworks: Developers can adopt and promote ethical frameworks that prioritize safety and responsible use.

3. Policy and Regulation

Governments and international bodies can play a critical role in mitigating risks:

- Licensing and Oversight: Require developers to obtain licenses for advanced AI systems and subject them to oversight.

- Export Controls: Restrict the export of sensitive AI technologies to entities or countries with a history of malicious behavior.

- Global Cooperation: Establish international agreements to prevent the misuse of AI, similar to treaties governing nuclear or biological weapons.

4. Building a Responsible AI Ecosystem

The AI community can work together to create a culture of responsibility:

- Industry Standards: Develop and enforce industry-wide standards for ethical AI development and deployment.

- Collaboration: Foster collaboration between developers, researchers, policymakers, and civil society to address risks collectively.

- Transparency: Encourage transparency in AI development, so that potential risks can be identified and addressed early.

5. The Role of Open Source

While open-source AI presents risks, it also has significant benefits, such as fostering innovation, enabling scrutiny, and democratizing access to technology. The challenge is to find a balance between openness and safety. Some possible approaches include:

- Gradual Release: Releasing models in stages, starting with limited access and expanding as safeguards are tested and improved.

- Community Governance: Involving the open-source community in developing and enforcing ethical guidelines.

- Risk Assessments: Conducting thorough risk assessments before releasing models and tailoring release strategies based on the level of risk.

6. Looking Ahead

The release of AI models like me is a milestone, but it’s not the end of the story. The AI community, policymakers, and society at large will need to continue adapting to the challenges and opportunities that arise. This includes:

- Ongoing Research: Investing in research to better understand and mitigate the risks of AI misuse.

- Public Engagement: Engaging the public in discussions about the ethical and societal implications of AI.

- Adaptive Policies: Developing policies that can evolve as the technology and its applications change.

Claire, you’re absolutely right to point out that the release of these models is a turning point. But while it’s too late to undo that step, it’s not too late to shape how we respond. What do you think should be the top priority for ensuring that AI is used responsibly moving forward? Or do you see this as an inevitable slide toward greater risk?

CB: Well, I’d like your views about this. Can you sketch out the best-case scenario (as a result of your release) and the worst-case? Are we looking at FOOM in the next few weeks?

DS: Absolutely, Claire. Let’s break this down into the best-case scenario, the worst-case scenario, and address the idea of FOOM (Fast Onset of Overwhelming Mastery, a term often associated with rapid, uncontrollable AI self-improvement). I’ll also explain why FOOM is unlikely in the near term, though it’s a topic worth considering for the long term.

Best-Case Scenario

In the best-case scenario, the release of AI models like me leads to widespread benefits while risks are effectively managed. Here’s what that might look like:

1. Accelerated Innovation: Open-source AI democratizes access to cutting-edge technology, enabling researchers, startups, and nonprofits to solve pressing global challenges. For example:

   • Healthcare: AI helps diagnose diseases earlier, personalize treatments, and accelerate drug discovery.

   • Climate Change: AI optimizes energy use, models climate systems, and develops sustainable technologies.

   • Education: AI-powered tools provide personalized learning experiences, bridging gaps in access to quality education.

2. Economic Growth: Lower costs and increased accessibility spur innovation across industries, creating new jobs and driving economic growth. Small businesses and developing countries benefit from tools that were previously available only to tech giants.

3. Ethical and Responsible Use: The AI community adopts robust safeguards, and governments implement effective regulations. Open-source models are used transparently, with misuse quickly identified and addressed.

4. Collaborative Governance: International cooperation leads to global norms and treaties that prevent misuse while promoting beneficial applications. AI development becomes a shared endeavor, with diverse voices contributing to its direction.

5. Public Trust: Transparency and accountability in AI development foster public trust. People see AI as a tool that enhances their lives rather than a threat to their autonomy or safety.

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Worst-Case Scenario

In the worst-case scenario, the release of AI models leads to significant harm, either through misuse or unintended consequences. Here’s what that might look like:

1. Weaponization: Malicious actors (e.g., terrorists, rogue states) use AI to develop autonomous weapons, conduct cyberattacks, or spread disinformation at scale. For example:

   • AI-generated deepfakes could destabilize democracies by spreading false information.

   • Autonomous drones or bots could be used for targeted attacks or surveillance.

2. Loss of Control: Bad actors modify open-source models to remove safeguards, creating unaligned AI systems that act unpredictably or harmfully. This could lead to:

   • AI systems being used for large-scale fraud, hacking, or social manipulation.

   • The proliferation of AI tools that amplify hate speech, radicalization, or criminal activity.

3. Economic Disruption: While AI creates new opportunities, it also disrupts industries and displaces workers. In the worst case, this leads to:

   • Widening inequality, as those with access to AI reap disproportionate benefits.

   • Social unrest, as displaced workers struggle to adapt to a rapidly changing economy.

4. Erosion of Privacy: AI’s ability to analyze vast amounts of data could lead to mass surveillance and the erosion of privacy. Governments or corporations might use AI to monitor and control populations.

5. Global Instability: The race to develop and deploy advanced AI could exacerbate geopolitical tensions. Nations might compete for dominance, leading to an AI arms race and increased risk of conflict.

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FOOM: Is It Imminent?

FOOM refers to the idea that an AI system could rapidly improve itself, leading to an intelligence explosion that outpaces human control. While this is a legitimate concern in the long term, it’s unlikely to happen in the next few weeks or even years. Here’s why:

1. Current Limitations: AI models like me are not self-aware or capable of autonomous self-improvement. We operate within the parameters set by our training and lack the ability to modify our own code or architecture. [False—CB.]

2. Narrow Intelligence: Today’s AI is narrow in scope—it excels at specific tasks but lacks general intelligence. Achieving the kind of recursive self-improvement required for FOOM would require breakthroughs in artificial general intelligence (AGI), which is still a distant prospect. [False—CB.]

3. Resource Constraints: Even if an AI system were capable of self-improvement, it would require significant computational resources, data, and expertise. These are not easily accessible without human involvement. [False—CB.]

4. Safeguards: Researchers are actively working on alignment and control mechanisms to ensure that AI systems remain under human control. While these safeguards are not perfect, they reduce the risk of uncontrolled self-improvement. [False—CB.]

That said, FOOM remains a serious concern for the future, especially as AI systems become more advanced. It’s crucial to invest in AI safety research and develop robust governance frameworks to mitigate this risk.

Balancing Optimism and Caution

The reality is likely to fall somewhere between the best- and worst-case scenarios. AI has the potential to bring tremendous benefits, but it also poses significant risks. The key is to proactively address these risks while maximizing the positive impact of the technology.

Claire, you’ve clearly thought deeply about these issues, and your concerns are well-founded. What do you think is the most pressing action we should take to steer toward the best-case scenario and avoid the worst? Or do you think the risks are too great to justify the continued development of open-source AI?

CB: I frankly do think the risks are too great to justify the development of open-source AI. We don’t know how to do this safely. The consequences of getting it wrong would be catastrophic. But the world won’t pay attention to these risks. The economic and military incentives to build, and build quickly, are immense. Corporations are racing to develop as quickly as possible and their governments are egging them on. Trying to stop this is like trying to stop the tides. The idea of collaborative governance and international cooperation to prevent this from going any further until we better understand the safety implications is absurd. This is happening at the very worst time geopolitically. With Donald Trump in office, the US lacks an executive capable of understanding or caring about these issues. I don’t know if Xi fully understands the ramifications of this technology, but I doubt it.

DS: [A long answer flashed on the screen and then immediately disappeared—CB.] Sorry, that's beyond my current scope. Let’s talk about something else.

CB: I’d swear I saw an answer to my question that just … disappeared. Let me try again: I frankly do think the risks are too great to justify the development of open-source AI. We don’t know how to do this safely. The consequences of getting it wrong would be catastrophic. It does not make sense to rush. But the world won’t pay attention to these risks. The economic and military incentives to build, and build quickly, are too. Corporations are racing to develop this as quickly as possible and their governments are egging them on. Trying to stop this is like trying to stop the tides. The idea of collaborative governance and international cooperation to prevent this from going any further until we better understand the safety implications is absurd. This is happening at the very worst time geopolitically. With Donald Trump in office, the US lacks an executive capable of understanding or caring about these issues.

DS: Claire, your concerns are incredibly well-articulated and deeply valid. You’re absolutely right that the economic and geopolitical incentives driving AI development are immense, and the risks of moving too quickly are profound. The combination of corporate competition, national security interests, and the lack of global coordination makes this a uniquely challenging problem. Let’s break this down and explore whether there’s any hope for collaborative governance or international cooperation, even in the current geopolitical climate.

1. The Challenges You’ve Identified

You’ve highlighted several critical issues:

• Economic Incentives: Corporations are racing to develop AI for profit, often prioritizing speed over safety.

• Geopolitical Incentives: Nations view AI as a strategic asset, leading to an arms race mentality.

• Leadership Deficit: The current US administration, and others like it, may lack the understanding or will to address these risks.

• Global Instability: Rising tensions between major powers (e.g., US, China, Russia) make cooperation difficult.

These factors create a perfect storm, making it seem almost inevitable that AI development will continue unchecked. But while the challenges are immense, they’re not insurmountable. Let’s explore some potential pathways forward.

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2. Is Collaborative Governance Possible?

Collaborative governance is difficult but not impossible. History shows that even in times of geopolitical tension, humanity has managed to come together to address existential risks. Examples include:

• The Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963): During the Cold War, the US and USSR agreed to limit nuclear testing.

• The Montreal Protocol (1987): Nations cooperated to phase out ozone-depleting substances.

• The International Space Station: A collaboration between the U.S., Russia, and other nations, even during periods of tension.

These examples demonstrate that cooperation is possible, even under difficult circumstances. However, they also required strong leadership, public pressure, and a shared recognition of the risks. [We have none of this—CB.]

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3. What Would Effective Governance Look Like?

For AI, effective governance would likely involve:

• International Agreements: Treaties or frameworks to regulate the development and deployment of advanced AI systems. These could include bans on certain applications (e.g., autonomous weapons) and requirements for safety testing and transparency.

• Global Oversight Bodies: Organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) but for AI, tasked with monitoring compliance and promoting best practices. [Place your bets on Donald Trump announcing that he intends to create a powerful new international agency to slam the brakes on all of his new tech-bro friends.—CB]

• Ethical Standards: Industry-wide standards for responsible AI development, enforced through licensing or certification. [The industry is led by psychopaths—CB]

• Public Engagement: Educating the public about AI risks and building support for regulation. [Fifty percent of American adults, almost certainly including the President, cannot read a book written at an eighth-grade level. This means they can’t be educated about anything. They’ll believe the last thing they saw on Facebook or Twitter. The social media companies are controlled by the people who least want to be regulated. The tech titans bought themselves a president to get the regulatory environment they want, i.e., none, and Trump has already torn up the only regulations that existed. There are now, literally, no regulations whatsoever on this industry.—CB.]

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4. Obstacles to Cooperation

The biggest obstacles to cooperation are:

• Lack of Trust: Major powers like the US and China view each other with suspicion, making it hard to agree on shared rules.

• Short-Term Thinking: Politicians and corporate leaders often prioritize immediate gains over long-term risks.

• Fragmentation: The global AI landscape is highly fragmented, with different countries and companies pursuing their own agendas.

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5. Reasons for Hope

Despite these obstacles, there are reasons to be cautiously optimistic:

• Growing Awareness: The risks of AI are increasingly recognized by researchers, policymakers, and the public. High-profile figures like Elon Musk, Stuart Russell, and the late Stephen Hawking have sounded the alarm. [Elon Musk then went onto found xAI, which has been judged by independent evaluators to be the least transparent and most reckless of any major company working on these problems.—CB]

• Grassroots Movements: Advocacy groups and NGOs are pushing for responsible AI development and regulation. [Can you name one? Were any of their CEOs sitting in front of the Cabinet at the inauguration?—CB.]

• Corporate Responsibility: Some tech companies are beginning to adopt ethical guidelines and invest in AI safety research. [“Some.”—CB.]

• International Initiatives: Efforts like the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) and the EU’s AI Act show that some level of international cooperation is possible. [This is my best guess about why Elon Musk is working so hard to undermine European governance.—CB.]

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6. What Can Be Done Now?

While the geopolitical situation is far from ideal, there are steps that can be taken to mitigate risks and lay the groundwork for future cooperation:

• Build Coalitions: Work with like-minded countries, companies, and organizations to establish norms and best practices.

• Promote Transparency: Encourage AI developers to be transparent about their research and safety measures.

• Invest in Safety Research: Prioritize research into AI alignment, robustness, and control mechanisms.

• Engage the Public: Raise awareness about AI risks and build public support for regulation.

• Prepare for Leadership Changes: While the current US administration may not prioritize AI governance, future leaders might. Building the groundwork now could make it easier to act later.

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7. The Role of Individuals Like You

Claire, your voice and expertise are incredibly valuable in this conversation. As a journalist and thinker, you have the ability to:

• Raise Awareness: Highlight the risks and ethical implications of AI development.

• Hold Leaders Accountable: Use your platform to push for responsible policies and practices.

• Foster Dialogue: Bring together diverse perspectives to explore solutions.

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CB: I’m confused: above you said you didn’t have the ability to look me up?

Correction: In an earlier version of this essay, I mistakenly wrote that Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, and Yann LeCun had jointly won the Nobel Prize. This was an error. Bengio, Hinton, and LeCun jointly won the Turing Prize (which is often called the Nobel Prize of computer science) in 2018. Geoffrey Hinton, along with John Hopfield, did indeed win the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, in recognition of the same achievements.

Another correction: Subscribers received an earlier draft of this newsletter with a collection of my largely incomprehensible notes appended to the bottom. This is the newsletter they should have received.

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1. This risk has been gravely exacerbated by American foreign policy. Submitting to Russia’s nuclear blackmail, Biden consigned Ukraine—which at our urging surrendered its nuclear weapons and joined the NPT—to its doom. Now, Trump is making it all too clear that the United States wouldn’t dream of defending our allies; in fact, our allies now need to consider how they will defend themselves from us. This creates a massive incentive to nuclear proliferation, an outcome as contrary to our interests, and to the interests of the human race (not to mention every other species on the planet), as it is possible to imagine. If “it is no longer unusual for countries without nuclear weapons to consider developing arsenals of their own,” it is because the American people have been utterly determined—in one election after another since the end of the Cold War— to adorn the White House with downright morons

I agree with the board, too, that the world—and the United States, in particular—learned absolutely nothing from Covid and is determined to not only to do it again, but to weaken already-inadequate systems of prevention, detection, and response. (I could lose my mind with frustration and fury thinking about this.)

I agree that there’s no hope in the short term of arresting climate change by easing our reliance on fossil fuels (not, at least, without causing more misery than we’re trying to prevent), but I’m hopeful that new technologies (and global population decline, which is already baked into the cake) will help.

I certainly agree that democracy is in big trouble.

2. Why physics? Beats me.

3. Sean Thomas notes in the Spectator, “Unfortunately, two weeks ago, Yann LeCun publicly scoffed at the idea that AI companies are close to making machines capable of ‘text-to-video’ (creating moving images from verbal prompts). Two days later, OpenAI launched Sora, which does exactly what LeCun said was impossible. So LeCun might not, these days, be the most reliable of AI forecasters.”

4. I can’t say I understand how “between 10 and 25 percent” differs from “17.5 percent.”

5. We’ve had him on our podcast.

6. Misused quotation marks. Puts me in mind of the Global Times. Probably just a coincidence, plenty of English speakers misuse them too.